Radiator
Shop Radiator Parts by Make, Model and Year
Shop By Category
TYC - Radiator - 2005 - 2006 Lexus RX330 3.3L V6 Automatic Transmission (Fits From 06/2005) Plastic Tank Design Only - 13256
0 Reviews
Part# D0179-T841143
Note: Radiator; With Plastic Tank; From 06/2005; Plastic Tank Design Only. Verify original radiator on vehicle before ordering
Years: 2005, 2006
APDI - Radiator - 2005 - 2011 Audi A6 Quattro 3.0L 3.2L V6 - 8012828
0 Reviews
Part# D0118-G152598
Note: Radiator; With 17 inch Core
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
Koyo Cooling - Radiator (Aluminum Core / Plastic Tank) - 2005 - 2007 Ford F-250 Super Duty 6.0L V8 - W0133-1881670
0 Reviews
Part# D0182-G427275
Note: Aluminum Core; Plastic Tank
Features:
- All Aluminum Core and Plastic Tank
- OE Style mounting brackets and hose connections
- Integrated transmission oil cooler when applicable
- Compact and lightweight
TYC - Radiator - 2007 - 2017 Jeep Patriot 2.0L 2.4L 4-Cylinder - 2951
0 Reviews
Part# D0155-Y381474
Note: Radiator
Years: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Action Crash - Radiator - with Transmission Oil Cooler - 2008 - 2012 Jeep Liberty 3.7L V6 (Automatic or Manual Transmission) - RAD13071
0 Reviews
Part# D0141-G163276
Note: RADIATOR; 3.7 LITER V6; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 22 x 17-5/8 x 1-1/4; EOC: NO; TOC: YES; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
API - Radiator - 1999 - 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee 4.0L 6-Cylinder - D0172-G824156
0 Reviews
Part# D0172-G824156
Years: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
TYC - Radiator - 2008 - 2014 Dodge Avenger Sedan - 2951
0 Reviews
Part# D0194-Q876176
Note: Radiator
Years: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
API - Radiator - 2000 - 2006 Toyota Tundra Standard Cab Pickup 4.7L V8 - D0165-T152711
0 Reviews
Part# D0165-T152711
Years: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
APDI - Radiator - 1997 - 2002 BMW Z3 - 8012038
0 Reviews
Part# D0148-M395738
Note: Radiator
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
APDI - Radiator - 2017 - 2019 Subaru Impreza 2.0L H4 - 8013748
0 Reviews
Part# D0185-F285966
Note: Radiator
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 2003 - 2009 Dodge Ram 3500 5.9L / 6.7L 6-Cylinder Turbo Diesel - HVA01743
0 Reviews
Part# D0126-F956582
Note: Turbo Diesel
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
Spectra Premium - Radiator - with Straight Outlet Left Side - 1985 - 1986, 1988 - 1989 International 1654 - 2006-3522A
0 Reviews
Part# D0162-R167256
Note: 31-1/8 in. x 26-1/2 in. x 2-1/4 in. Core; Inlet 2-1/2 in.; Outlet 2-1/2 in.; With Straight Outlet Left Side; All Aluminum Construction
Years: 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989
APDI - Radiator - 2000 - 2004 Isuzu FRR 7.8L 6-Cylinder - 8067207
0 Reviews
Part# D0114-C296731
Note: Heavy Duty Radiator; Fits Various Models; See OEM Part Numbers For Direct Match
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Years: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
APDI - Radiator - 1994 - 1997 Isuzu NPR 3.9L 4-Cylinder - 8067201
0 Reviews
Part# D0161-X385714
Note: Heavy Duty Radiator; Fits Various Models; See OEM Part Numbers For Direct Match; Trans Oil Cooler Type: 7-Plate
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Years: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
TYC - Radiator - 2015 - 2016 Ford Mustang 2.3L 4-Cylinder Turbocharged - 13486
0 Reviews
Part# D0124-Z347215
Note: Radiator; To 10/13/2015
Years: 2015, 2016
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 2003 - 2007 International 9400i SBA (with Outlet Pointing Downward) - 2001-3527
0 Reviews
Part# D0175-P497557
Note: 33-1/2 in. x 26-1/4 in. x 2-1/4 in. Core; Inlet 2-1/2 in.; Outlet 2-1/2 in.; With Outlet Pointing Downward; No Frame Included; OEM Frame Must Be Reused.
Years: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
API - Radiator - 2004 - 2010 Chevrolet Malibu - D0149-V862193
0 Reviews
Part# D0149-V862193
Years: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 2014 - 2019 Volkswagen Passat 1.8L 2.0L - CU13423
0 Reviews
Part# D0185-M944186
Years: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
API - Radiator - 2002 - 2009 Chevy Trailblazer 4.2L 6-Cylinder - D0162-M714161
0 Reviews
Part# D0162-M714161
Years: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
TYC - Radiator and Condenser Assembly - 2009 - 2019 Nissan 370Z (From 10-2008) - W0133-1937169
0 Reviews
Part# D0154-J913456
Note: Aluminum Core; Condenser Assembly; Radiator/Condenser Assembly
Features:
- OE-Equivalent
- All Aluminum with plastic end tanks
- Direct fit for easy installation
- High quality corrosion resistant materials
- OE Style mounting brackets, fittings and hose connections
- Integrated transmission oil cooler when applicable
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 2003 - 2007 Freightliner Columbia Diesel - 2001-1711
0 Reviews
Part# D0165-D124879
Note: With 41-3/4 in. x 31-1/2 in. x 2-1/4 in. Core; With Inlet 2-1/2 in.; Outlet 2-1/2 in.; With Inlet and Outlet On The Same Side At 5-5/8 in. From Edge; No Frame Included; OEM Frame Must Be Reused.
Years: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Koyo Cooling - Radiator (Plastic Tank) - 2007 - 2019 Toyota Tundra - W0133-1823026
0 Reviews
Part# D0198-H137967
Note: Aluminum Core; Plastic Tank
Features:
- All Aluminum Core and Plastic Tank
- OE Style mounting brackets and hose connections
- Integrated transmission oil cooler when applicable
- Compact and lightweight
TYC - Radiator - 2001 - 2002 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD 8.1L V8 - 2537
0 Reviews
Part# D0184-H843544
Note: Radiator; With 5/8" Transmission Oil Cooler Fittings
Years: 2001, 2002
APDI - Radiator - with Transmission oil Cooler and 2 Inch Outlet - 2005 - 2007 Ford F-350 Super Duty - 8012887
0 Reviews
Part# D0191-W422471
Note: Radiator; With 2 inch Outlet Connection
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 2
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 2014 - 2018 Volkswagen Jetta 1.8L 4-Cylinder - CU13423
0 Reviews
Part# D0162-W339857
Years: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Action Crash - Radiator - 2012 - 2014 Mercedes-Benz C250 1.8L 3.5L with Automatic Transmission - RAD13376
0 Reviews
Part# D0128-G155563
Note: RADIATOR; 1.8 LITER L4/3.5 LITER V6; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic Transmission; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2012, 2013, 2014
Action Crash - Radiator - with Transmission Oil Cooler - 2012 - 2016 Buick Verano 2.4L L4 - RAD13325
0 Reviews
Part# D0129-F375235
Note: RADIATOR FOR MODELS WITH 2.4 LITER L4; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 24 13/16 x 15 3/4 x 5/8; EOC: NO; TOC: YES; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
TYC - Radiator - 2016 - 2019 Kia Optima 2.4L 4-Cylinder - 13603
0 Reviews
Part# D0154-X637594
Note: Radiator
Years: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
APDI - Radiator - 1999 - 2004 Hino FE2620 8.0L 6-Cylinder - 8067301
0 Reviews
Part# D0178-D431367
Note: Heavy Duty Radiator; Fits Various Models; See OEM Part Numbers For Direct Match
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Years: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
Koyo Cooling - Radiator - 2005 - 2015 Nissan Xterra (From 01/01/2005 up to 07/31/2011) - W0133-1938865
0 Reviews
Part# D0119-R713759
Note: Aluminum Core; Plastic Tank
Features:
- All Aluminum Core and Plastic Tank
- OE Style mounting brackets and hose connections
- Integrated transmission oil cooler when applicable
- Compact and lightweight
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 1990 - 1999 Ford F800 Diesel - 2002-1512
0 Reviews
Part# D0112-B997766
Note: With 26-5/8 in. x 28-3/8 in. x 2-1/4 in. Core; Inlet 2 in.; Outlet 2 in.; For Applications Without PTO (Power Take-Off) Hole; No Frame Included; OEM Frame Must Be Reused.
Years: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
GPD - Radiator - 2012 - 2015 Chevrolet Camaro 3.6L V6 - 13341C
0 Reviews
Part# D0164-H375325
Features:
- Direct fit replacement
- Radiators are an important part of the engine's cooling system. The main function of the radiator is to extract and dissipate heat from the engine. Radiators help cool the engine for optimal performance.
- 100% Leak tested
- Durability tested on every new design
- Designed to meet/exceed OE fit, form and function
OE Supplier - Radiator - 1983 - 1989 Porsche 944 Naturally Aspirated (Excludes S2 Model) - 94410602706
0 Reviews
Part# D0162-X488579
Years: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
CSF - Radiator - 2005 - 2006 Toyota Sienna 3.3L V6 (From 9/2005) - 3637
0 Reviews
Part# D0182-Q439214
Note: 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core; OE Style Design
Tech Note: O.E.M. style Plastic tanks & Aluminum core.
Tank: Plastic
Core Material: Aluminum
No. Of Rows: 1
Features:
- Radiator Cap Not Included
- Cross Flow
- 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core
- OEM specified Plastic Tank-Aluminum Core Construction
- Fins High Performance Multi-Louvered Design - OEM Spec
- 100% leak tested before leaving factory at 150% of operating pressure
- Industry Best Packaging - 10-Foot Drop Test Standard
- Drop-in Fit
- High Performance Transmission Cooler with special Built-in Turburlator, when applicable
- All components are installed, torqued, & tested on Radiator during assembly
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 1992 - 1996 Dodge Dakota 3.9L V6 / 5.2L V8 - HVA01496
0 Reviews
Part# D0192-C231967
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
CSF - Radiator - 1975 - 1980 Toyota Land Cruiser FJ40 (From 02/1975) - W0133-1748585
0 Reviews
Part# D0199-R486546
Note: Metal Core; 4 Row All Metal HD
Features:
- OE-Equivalent
- Direct fit for easy installation.
- OE Style mounting brackets and hose connections.
- Integrated transmission oil cooler when applicable.
APDI - Radiator - 1 Row - 2016 - 2019 Buick Envision - 8013633
0 Reviews
Part# D0142-C188464
Note: Radiator
Rows: 1
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
TYC - Radiator - 2010 - 2016 Porsche Panamera - 13562
0 Reviews
Part# D0116-T172542
Note: Radiator
Years: 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 2014 - 2016 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 5.3L 6.2L V8 with Towing Package - HVA01952
0 Reviews
Part# D0198-T315829
Note: with Tow Package; with Towing Package
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
APDI - Radiator - 1991 - 1992 Toyota Land Cruiser - 8011469
0 Reviews
Part# D0188-F475147
Note: Radiator
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
Spectra Premium - Radiator - 1975 - 1977 Ford F-500 - CU456
0 Reviews
Part# D0171-N795953
Note: With 24-5/16 in. x 26-3/8 in. x 1-15/16 in.; Without TOC (Transmission Oil Cooler); Radiator Cap Is Required
Years: 1975, 1976, 1977
CSF - Radiator - 1978 - 1991, 1993 - 1995 Porsche 928 - 102172928
0 Reviews
Part# D0162-Z461211
Note: Radiator; All aluminum construction. Designed to work with all models, with or without transmission & engine oil cooler.
Years: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995
GPD - Radiator - 2006 BMW 325i 3.0L 6-Cylinder - 2882C
0 Reviews
Part# D0118-D665223
Features:
- 100% Leak tested
- Designed to meet/exceed OE fit, form and function
- Direct fit replacement
- Radiators are an important part of the engine's cooling system. The main function of the radiator is to extract and dissipate heat from the engine. Radiators help cool the engine for optimal performance.
- Durability tested on every new design
GPD - Radiator - 2007 - 2018 Jeep Wrangler 3.6L / 3.8L V6 - 2957C
0 Reviews
Part# D0195-G183247
Features:
- 100% Leak tested
- Direct fit replacement
- Designed to meet/exceed OE fit, form and function
- Radiators are an important part of the engine's cooling system. The main function of the radiator is to extract and dissipate heat from the engine. Radiators help cool the engine for optimal performance.
- Durability tested on every new design
Action Crash - Radiator - 2014 - 2018 Jeep Cherokee - RAD13401
0 Reviews
Part# D0122-S221564
Note: RADIATOR; 2.4 LITER L4 AND 3.2L V6; WITH DUAL FANS; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 26 1/2 x 17 5/8 x 1; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 2005 - 2010 Dodge Dakota - HVA01790
0 Reviews
Part# D0178-B376751
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
TYC - Radiator - 2015 - 2019 Hyundai Sonata - 13457
0 Reviews
Part# D0112-D473794
Note: Radiator
Years: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
Action Crash - Radiator - 2012 - 2014 Volkswagen Passat - RAD13466
0 Reviews
Part# D0155-K221744
Note: RADIATOR; PRIMARY; 2.0 LITER L4 TDI; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 25 5/8 x 17 3/4 x 1 3/8; EOC: N; TOC: N; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2012, 2013, 2014
Metrix - Radiator - 2007 - 2010 BMW X3 (Automatic Transmission) - W0133-1785872
0 Reviews
Part# D0174-C477584
Note: Aluminum Core; Plastic Tank
Years: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 2007 - 2013 BMW 328i (Excluding Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) - HVA01908
0 Reviews
Part# D0141-P318997
Note: excluding Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV); Except Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV)
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
Action Crash - Radiator - with Transmission Oil Cooler - 2004 - 2006 Nissan Maxima 3.5L V6 Automatic or Manual Transmission - RAD2415
0 Reviews
Part# D0141-G588771
Note: RADIATOR; 3.5 LITER V6; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 15-3/4 x 29-1/4 x 5/8; EOC: NO; TOC: YES; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2004, 2005, 2006
APDI - Radiator - with Transmission Oil Cooler - 1985 - 1993 Chevrolet S10 2.5L 4-Cylinder - 8010206
0 Reviews
Part# D0152-C872636
Note: Radiator; With Transmission Oil Cooler
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Rows: 1
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
APDI - Radiator - 2014 - 2018 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 5.3L / 6.2L V8 (with Heavy Duty Trailer Package) - 8013398
0 Reviews
Part# D0189-V653745
Note: Radiator; With Heavy Duty Trailer Package
Rows: 1
Construction: Plastic Tank Aluminum
Features:
- Increased thermal performance, enhanced design features, and design commonization for maximum availability with the minimum amount of parts.
- Meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications that are ready to install.
- Engineering and manufactured under ISO TS16949 quality system, every radiator is 100% leak tested.
Action Crash - Radiator - with Transmission Oil Cooler - (without Sensor Port) - 2004 - 2017 Chevrolet Express 2500 4.8L / 6.0L V8 - RAD2791
0 Reviews
Part# D0181-Z456542
Note: RADIATOR; 4.8/6.0 LITER V8; WITH QUICK CONNECT HOSES; WITHOUT SENSOR PORT; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic or Manual Transmission; Core Dim: 34 x 17-1/2 x 1; EOC: YES; TOC: YES; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Action Crash - Radiator - 2017 - 2019 Nissan Rogue Sport 2.0L with Automatic Transmission - RAD13787
0 Reviews
Part# D0118-B742844
Note: RADIATOR; SPORT; 2.0 LITER L4; PLASTIC AND ALUMINUM; Automatic Transmission; Core Dim: 21 5/16 x 18 x 5/8; EOC: N; TOC: N; Plastic and Aluminum Construction
Quality: Premium - High quality new replacement part.
Years: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
API - Radiator with Engine Oil Cooler - 2001 - 2010 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD 6.0L V8 - D0172-H438491
0 Reviews
Part# D0172-H438491
Note: With Engine Oil Cooler
Years: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
DIY Solutions - Radiator - 1993 - 1997 Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.2L V8 - HVA01487
0 Reviews
Part# D0169-T963496
Note: V8 5.2L
Features:
- 100% Leak Tested - Built to strict quality control standards.
- Direct Fit Replacement
- Premium Aluminum Core
CSF - Radiator - 2007 - 2015 Mazda CX-9 - 3344
0 Reviews
Part# D0147-X215537
Note: 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core
Tech Note: O.E.M. style Plastic tanks & Aluminum core.
Tank: Plastic
Core Material: Aluminum
No. Of Rows: 1
Features:
- Radiator Cap Not Included
- Down Flow
- 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core
- OEM specified Plastic Tank-Aluminum Core Construction
- Fins High Performance Multi-Louvered Design - OEM Spec
- 100% leak tested before leaving factory at 150% of operating pressure
- Industry Best Packaging - 10-Foot Drop Test Standard
- Drop-in Fit
- High Performance Transmission Cooler with special Built-in Turburlator, when applicable
- All components are installed, torqued, & tested on Radiator during assembly
GPD - Radiator - 2011 - 2018 Jeep Grand Cherokee - 13200C
0 Reviews
Part# D0166-G598356
Features:
- Designed to meet/exceed OE fit, form and function
- Direct fit replacement
- Radiators are an important part of the engine's cooling system. The main function of the radiator is to extract and dissipate heat from the engine. Radiators help cool the engine for optimal performance.
- 100% Leak tested
- Durability tested on every new design
CSF - Radiator - without Cap - 2016 - 2020 Dodge Durango 3.6L V6 - 3819
0 Reviews
Part# D0142-M699888
Note: 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core; OE Style Design; With R134a Refrigerant
Tech Note: O.E.M. style Plastic tanks & Aluminum core.
Tank: Plastic
Core Material: Aluminum
No. Of Rows: 1
Features:
- Radiator Cap Not Included
- Cross Flow
- 1 Row Plastic Tank Aluminum Core
- OEM specified Plastic Tank-Aluminum Core Construction
- Fins High Performance Multi-Louvered Design - OEM Spec
- 100% leak tested before leaving factory at 150% of operating pressure
- Industry Best Packaging - 10-Foot Drop Test Standard
- Drop-in Fit
- High Performance Transmission Cooler with special Built-in Turburlator, when applicable
- All components are installed, torqued, & tested on Radiator during assembly